Junot Diaz Bio Essay Example for Free

Junot Diaz Bio Essay Loaned DDS was conceived In the Dominican Republic and raised New Jersey. He Is an experimental writing educator at MIT and fiction editorial manager at the Boston Review. He likewise serves on the leading group of counsels for the Freedom college, a Volunteer association in Georgia that gives present auxiliary guidance on undocumented workers. From what I have perused I have accumulated that he truly needed to depend on himself. Getting him through school maintaining the Sources of income where you need to accomplish the filthy work, dishes, and siphoning gas. Probably Drown reflects Diazs stressed relationship with his own dad, with whom he no longer stays in touch with. Diaz was conceived in Villa Juana, an area in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. He was the third kid in a group of five. Through the greater part of his youth he lived with his mom and grandparents while his dad worked in the US. Diaz emigrated to Parlin, New Jersey, in December of 1974, where he had the option to rejoin with his dad. He lived near what he thought about perhaps the biggest landfill in New Jersey. His short fiction has showed up In The New Yorker magazine, which recorded him as one of the 20 top authors for the 21st He has additionally been distributed in Story, The Paris Review, and in the compilations The Best American Short Stories multiple times (1996, 1997, 1999, 2000), The PEWO. Henry prize stones (2009), and African voices. He s most popular for his two significant works: the short story assortment Drown (1996) and the novel The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao (2007). 80th were distributed to basic praise and he won the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for the last mentioned. Diaz himself has portrayed his composing style as a rebellious offspring of New Jersey and the Dominican Republic If that can be Imagined with an excessive amount of Diaz has gotten an Eugene McDermott Award, a partnership from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, a Lila Acheson Wallace Readers Digest Award, the 2002 PEN/Malamud Award, the 2003 us-Japan Creative Artist Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts, an association at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard college and the Rome Prize from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. He was chosen as one of the 39 most significant Latin American essayists younger than 39 by the Bogota World Book Capital and the Hay Festival. [18] In September 2007, Miramax obtained the rights for a film adjustment of The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao. [19] The narratives in Drown ocus on the young storytellers devastated, orphan youth in the Dominican Republic and his battle adjusting to his new life in New Jersey. Audits were commonly solid however not without grievances. 20] Diaz read twice for PRIs This American Life

Frederick Douglass Essay Essay

Frederick Douglass has at long last figured out how to flee from one of his lords to turn into a free slave, however yet he feels dread and neurosis. As he flees, he mulls over all the potential outcomes of him getting captured by slaveholders or even turned in by his own sort. What's more, it upsets him passing all the houses and food, yet he has no asylum and starves with no food. This in actuality uplifts the power of his dread and distrustfulness since he is bound to be gotten with no where to stow away and having no vitality to run since he is starving. In The Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass, he uses things, for example, equal syntactic structure, mysteries, metaphorical language, and caesuras to help depict his sentiment of developed anxiety and dread. Frederick Douglass truly exploits equal syntactic structure to look at his circumstance of being fled to slaves. Frederick attempts to get us to feel compassion in his present condition, while likewise discussing the slaves. He says â€Å"-needing cover and nobody to give it-needing bread, and no cash to get it [†¦]† (Douglass 137). This appears to be more hard to live with than having to some degree cover and having a touch of food, instead of Douglass having not one or the other. He gets perusers to address such things as, would one turn in a man in such need as? Would one see more on the off chance that one knew how it was to be in my condition? What's more, this gets individuals to comprehend his despondency and trouble. Douglass utilizes his conundrums in an innovative manner. Where he utilizes equal syntactic structure, he additionally uses conundrums. On page 137, where he says â€Å"-needing cover and nobody to give it-needing bread, and no cash to get it [†¦]† (Douglass). His utilization of logical inconsistency is very successful in light of the fact that it is difficult to have all the things you need and need in one’s face, yet one can not have it. For instance, if an individual needed another bicycle and one was simply staying there in their home sitting tight for them to take it, yet their dad was remaining close to it and in the event that he saw them contact it they would be grounded. Furthermore, the bicycle was simply staying there provoking them. The Catch 22s get individuals to see that it is so disturbing to be passing by every one of these necessities stay you have to live and endure, insulting you as you cruise by. While Douglass is fleeing, he relates slaves and chasing slaveholders, utilizing non-literal language, to wild brute and himself to the defenseless prey. On page 136, Douglass says â€Å"†¦as ghastly crocodiles take advantage of his prey!† He says this since he feels so unprotected that he feels like somewhat creature going to be eaten. With all the slaveholders and there firearms and all slaves that may hand him over, he doesn’t truly stand a chance with no where to stow away and coming up short on vitality. Likewise, on page 137 he says â€Å"†¦famished criminal is just approached by that with which beasts of the profound gobble up the defenseless fish whereupon they subsist,† In this he fundamentally saying it is just a short time before they discover him and take him in. He can’t truly run from them with how hungry he will be, he has no vitality and no expectation that he could out run them on the off chance that he attempted. On pages 136 and 137, caesuras are applied on various occasions all through these pages to direct a feeling of his concern and anguish. He says like â€Å"†¦in complete obscurity with respect to what to do, where to go, or where to remain - consummately vulnerable both concerning the methods for guard and ways to get out â€Å" (Douglass 137) The breaks leave you sort of hanging since you don’t know whether toward the finish of the following break he could be gotten or even shot. What's more, that is the place the concern fabricates in light of the fact that while he was fleeing he didn’t either if at any second a slave would appear and hand him over. Or then again a slaveholder would shoot him from behind a tree. So an individual truly get into his point of view as a flee slave and kind of feel what it resembles. Frederick Douglass truly used these gadgets well. They all assistance construct the peruser to become like an outlaw slave similarly as he seemed to be. Relating slave and slaveholders to creatures, and putting all the caesuras help the peruser feel all the disquiet he felt since it was actually how he was feeling. You would think from the outset that he was free now, and every one of his issues were gone at this point they are still there. All the gadgets he utilized truly assist you with arriving at that resolution.

A Brief History of Thursday

A Brief History of Thursday Im the type of person who never wins the lottery. Were this a persuasive five-paragraph essay, my three thesis-support arguments would be: (1) prior to Monday, I was under the legal lottery ticket purchase age, (2) nobody in my family has ever won the lottery, suggesting that my otherwise-enviable genetic makeup is devoid of lottery-winner DNA, and (3) Ive heard that its statistically improbable to win things that arent in cereal boxes. Well, it turns out that, much like a gourmet pretzel, life is full of twists. On Wednesday night, despite the fact that I had only turned 18 on Monday, despite my genetic misfortunes, despite the misguided expectations instilled in me by uncountable rounds of cereal box giveaways, I won the lottery. Well, it also turns out that, much like the typical Harvard graduate these days, I didnt actually make any money. Still, I was ecstatic. Let me explain: during my PBS-infested youth, back when I understood general relativity and had already mastered string theory thanks to the wonders of educational television, I wanted to be a cosmologist like Stephen Hawking and Professor Xavier* from X-Men. My dreams of parsing the grammar of the universe dribbled into the drabness of real-world practicality sometime during high school, but in 9th grade, I was still intent on understanding the structure of spacetime and, more importantly, sounding really smart in front of my English teacher. When Mrs. Chambers assigned our class the most groan-worthy, plagiarism-inducing homework project of the year, I chose to compose an elegant, grammar error-less research report about the intricacies of black holes. It turned out to be less Nobel-prizeworthy than I imagined, but, also much like a gourmet pretze l, it grew into a warm and chewy experience. *He wasnt actually a cosmologist, but he could have been if he wanted to. To be completely honest, most of what I remember about my 9th grade project consists of the gingerly-phrased email that I sent out to some of the most distinguished American astrophysicists of our time (whether or not most of them read it is another question). It contained such deeply eloquent and unforgettable inquiries as, “Why do black holes have angular momentum?” and “Can I time-travel?” and probably ended with about a bajillion thank-yous in a row. Recipients included about half of the astrophysics faculty at Caltech and MIT, which back then was Michigan Institute of Technology in my uncorrected mental database of acronyms. I vividly remember that Professor Max Tegmark at MIT, whose astronomy class I will probably take next year, not only wrote back promptly and graciously but also used an emoticon (this, might I add, largely contributed to my decision to come to MIT two years later). Fast forward to last week, when my inbox was suddenly abuzz with frenzied announcements from the Society of Physics Students that Kip Thorne had finally agreed to give a colloquium at MIT. Kip, for the biology students reading this, is as close to the asymptote of world famousness as any theoretical physicist can be. Currently the Feynman professor of Physics at Caltech, one of the worlds foremost experts on general relativity, as well as a colleague of Stephen Hawking and Richard Feynman himself, Kip drew the largest audience that I have ever seen in 10-250, one of MITs biggest lecture halls. Going back to what I wrote earlier, one of the perks of SPS membership is the lottery for free dinners with distinguished members of the physics community. Thanks to my well-documented genetic inability to win a single lottery, I usually prefer to save my luck for the day when I will be challenged to a life-or-death game of bingo. Kip, however, was a worthy exception. I entered with subdued hopes and miraculously won one of six seats for dinner with The Man. The profound expression of unadulterated joy that came to mind was “Yay!” I didnt even care that I now had a chance of dying in a bingo game. As you might have figured by now, nothing was going to stop me from attending the colloquium on Thursday. Kip, after all, had authored one of the books that Id used for my report in 9th grade. I got an A on the paper. Therefore, Kip helped me pass high school English. As an added bonus, his lecture was bound to be mind-blowingly mind-blowing. (You heard right, I just used the adverb form of an adjective to describe the same adjective. Thats how much it blew the mind. See, I even used it as a verb.) Kips talk was divided into two parts, threaded together by the topic of “things made out of warped spacetime instead of matter.” The first half dealt with numerical general relativity, mostly as applied to modeling black hole collisions. As far as the casual viewer is concerned, this translates into cool animations whose creation took an unimaginable amount of time, effort, and Ph.D theses. Looking back on the notes I took during the lecture, it appears that I was particularly awed by something Kip mentioned about the nonexistence of EM waves (exclamation point here). Perhaps I was just glad that 8.022 was over for the week. It turns out that, due to the gnarly distortions in spacetime fabric in the vicinity of black holes, angular momentum conservation becomes meaningless! Naturally, this entails that the AP Physics test is meaningless, which confirms my suspicion that the College Board has been swindling us all along. (My own conspiracy theories aside, I found this part of the lecture immensely fascinating. Vectors transported parallel to themselves over curved surfaces are no longer parallel to their original direction when they return to their original position. In curved spacetime, the direction in which a vector points after you move it depends on the path you take. Which means that trying to add vectors together becomes annoyingly hard, much like knitting.) Some of Kips slides especially resonated with his audience. I photoshopped in the relevant connotations for this one: The second half of his lecture was devoted to LIGO, an experiment co-founded by Kip for gravitational wave detection. The set-up involves non-quantum-sized mirrors (as in, on the scale of 40 kg) and bouncing laser beams. Gravitational waves, which literally squeeze and stretch spacetime, are predicted to cause tiny motions in the mirrors on the quantum scale. As this slide makes glaringly clear, the upshot is that humans will see large things behave quantum-mechanically, become impressed, and end up making blockbuster action movies about LIGO. (Over dinner, Kip mentioned that hes working on a sci-fi movie with Spielberg based on, believe it or not, real Science. The opening scene will involve LIGO discovering gravitational waves. Apparently, all of it will be scientifically plausible while remaining Spielberg-y at the same time. Ive got high hopes already.) Once the thunderous applause died down, Kip obligingly gave autographs and stood for pictures. Erons 12, a longtime fan, got an autograph on one particular page of a book by Stephen Hawking. Professor Nergis Mavalvala, whom I mentioned previously in the context of another physics department-sponsored dinner, was also in the audience. Here, Kip congratulates her on her recent tenure. Afterwards, a lucky handful of us randomly-chosen SPS undergrads took Kip to dinner at the Kendall Hotel. Seated in a private dining room eerily reminiscent of a American colonial-era museum exhibit, we chatted about physics, the respective charms of MIT and (cough) Caltech, thermodynamics of black holes (two dinner attendees had a presentation due the next day), Kips hobbies (scuba diving?), his friendships with Stephen Hawking and Richard Feynman, and whether or not cosmologists need to justify their existence. Kip was amiable to the point of insisting that we call him by first name, in which regard I failed at least twice. I had the yucca mashed potatoes and grilled shrimp. In case this is of interest to anyone here, Kip had the salmon burger. Finally, the night ended when I brusquely handed my camera to some random guy exiting the hotel, upon whom the SPS president politely forced the task of taking the following photo. Notice how everyone appears happy and grateful except for the one person who appears happy and slightly uncertain whether she will ever see her camera again. Another day, another once-in-a-lifetime experience.

Hunting Season Is Not Here Is It - 1501 Words

â€Å"What the heck was that?† I asked myself, â€Å"Hunting season is not here already is it?† It did not matter anyways. These are the consequences when you are a survivalist like me. Hunters don’t appreciate the land like I do. I have encountered too many hunters in my twenty four years out here, I better stay out this time. â€Å"What is on the to do list today?† I wondered as I reached over to my tiny tan, stained line paper. Get water Change pine needles Gather wood Love life Ever since Elizabeth had her heart attack in ‘90, that’s all she asked me to do: love life. We use to walk through the Olympic National Forest every day for seven years, and that is what brings me to live here now. Her beautiful smile radiated in the brilliant morning†¦show more content†¦It gives me a place overlooking the crystal clear Elwha River, where I can pray and praise God for life. I spent around ten minutes meditating before I stood up and walked the rest of the way down the pebble rock beach to the river. The Elwha is one of the few rivers in Washington that allows humans drink straight from it, due to it’s many types of algae and sponge that filter it into such pristine water. I knelt down and filled my two gallon containers and filled myself up with as much water as I could drink. Afterwards, I walked down the beach hoping to find some tasty mussels to snack on. Even though the water is clear, the mussels are very difficult to see in the water. I had only gone about 50 meters when I noticed an unusual reddish color in the water. â€Å"What was bleeding?† I questioned myself. As I was thinking that, I turned around to see a man face down on the shore. I cautiously tried to get the figure’s attention, however I got no response. I got closer, figuring he was most likely dead due to the amount of blood loss he was portraying. Quickly I noticed the man had been shot in the back. The entry hole was dark red and lumpy, due to the clotting of the blood. â€Å"Who would do something like this?† I pondered, â€Å"Wait, Brock.† Brock is my, let’s just say neighbor. He resides approximately three miles from my camp in an old run down cabin. I personally have never been there, yet I believe he runs his own drug business, nevertheless this must have been someShow MoreRelatedGun Hunting Vs. Hunting1675 Words   |  7 Pages Hunting has been ingrained in American history from the Native American tribes and from when the first settlers arrived to the New World. While hunting is not needed for survival in today’s society every year thousands of hunters take to the woods in pursuit of their quarry. While many people think these hunters are all the same there are two main sects that make up the hunting community; gun hunters and bowhunters. While both methods of hunting are similar and share many common points, there areRead MoreAnalysis of Doe Season Essay701 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of â€Å"Doe Season† The short story, â€Å"Doe Season† written by David Michael Kaplan is about a young girl’s loss of innocence and hesitation towards womanhood. In this story, the protagonist, an eight year old girl joins in on a hunting trip with her father and some friends. During this trip, Andy learns that being one of the boys may not be what she aspires after all. A few literary elements Kaplan uses helps readers better understand the story while reading such as, the characters, settingRead MoreHunting Is No Longer Necessary For Survival1703 Words   |  7 Pagesfield and hunt game for me.† Hunting started millions of years ago for the intentions of food, clothing, and shelter supplies. Back in the Stone Age, hunting was essential for surviving in those critical situations that derived from everyday living. Recently hunting has become more a recreational sport and less of a necessity for survival, it is true that most hunters now days still eat the meat from the animals tha t they kill for sport and pleasure. However, hunting is no longer necessary for survivalRead MoreWhy Is Deer Season?900 Words   |  4 PagesMany people don’t like small towns, but the ones that do love it for the little things. One of these little things is deer season. It is what everyone in a small town waits for all year. It could be compared to be just as good or better than the beginning of branding season. Many city people don’t know how but wish they could go hunt a deer. The reasons to do it are for a hobby, saves money on meat, and just a straight cut bragging right. First, get a hunter safety license. To do that either goRead MoreTennessee Wildlife Resources Agency Is A State Agency Of The State Of Tennessee Essay1543 Words   |  7 Pagespreserve the right to hunt not only for the present time, but also for the future. In just this past year, the agency has established some new regulations that have caused an uproar in the hunting community. The two rules which have been headlined in most conversations is the new two buck limit for the states hunting season, and the new antler restrictions on what is considered a buck. Due to the success of many other states with fewer buck limits, TWRA has established these rules. These new rules are designedRead MoreDoe Season855 Words   |  4 PagesDoe Season In the short story Doe season, David Kaplan creates a character named Andrea, who would rather be called Andy. Doe Season is not simply a story about a young girl’s hunting trip with her father and friends. During the few days that Andy is on the hunting trip, she takes an incredible journey trying to find out who she really is. Usually, hunting deer is an event reserved for young men and their fathers. Yet, it is through this outing that Andy experiences a rite of passage into womanhoodRead MoreDeer Hunting987 Words   |  4 Pages2011 Deer hunting is a very demanding hobby. The one thing that everyone must keep in mind when hunting is your safety and the safety of others. The reason for this is that you are using a weapon that can cause serious harm to you or someone, but this is not what this essay is about. I want everyone to actually learn what it takes to be a hunter. Being a hunter takes skill and understanding how deer sense things. The first thing that comes to everyone’s mind when thinking about hunting is killingRead MoreHunting For Michigan Morels By Ben Smith1260 Words   |  6 Pages Hunting for Michigan Morels Ben Smith ENG 100 Introduction: The state of Michigan is great for hunting edible mushrooms. Some of the common mushrooms people like to hunt for are the chanterelle, honey or â€Å"stumpers†, and the morel. The morel is one of the more popular mushrooms that people look forward to hunting. Michigan’s atmospheric conditions make it a great state for these mushrooms to thrive in during the season. Before you go hunting, it is important to know the etiquetteRead MoreEstablished Organization Rules1238 Words   |  5 Pages1. All members and guests shall possess a valid hunting and/or fishing license. 2. All members and guests shall comply with all Virginia, Federal, and local regulations. 3. While on premises, all members and guests shall maintain safe gun handling practices, including never shooting in the direction of people, buildings, or livestock. 4. No member or guest shall engage in hunting or shooting practices while under the influence of alcohol or illegal drugs. 5. All gates shall be left as found anyRead MoreEssay on History of Hunting through the Ages1076 Words   |  5 Pagesthink of hunting as a thing were you go up into a tree and wait for a duck to come flying bye or a deer to walk in the sight so we can shoot them well you see that is hunting but how did we get to here. Why do we hunt the way that we do well it is because of how we got ideas off of the old ways we did it the history of hunting, the old way that we did things not the waiting for it to come to use the I am going to go get what I want and need. Now you see many people think that all hunting was from

Slavery and Christianity in Harriet A. Jacob’s Incidents...

The Incongruity of Slavery and Christianity in Harriet A. Jacob’s Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself Slavery, the â€Å"Peculiar Institution† of the South, caused suffering among an innumerable number of human beings. Some people could argue that the life of a domestic animal would be better than being a slave; at least animals are incapable of feeling emotions. Suffering countless atrocities, including sexual assault, beatings, and murders, these slaves endured much more than we would think is humanly possible today. Yet, white southern â€Å"Christians† committed these atrocities, believing their behaviors were neither wrong nor immoral. Looking back at these atrocities, those who call themselves Christians are†¦show more content†¦Any knowledgeable man of the bible realizes that it does indeed refer to slavery and the justification of it numerous times. Jacobs writes that the â€Å"[plantation owners] seem to satisfy their consciences with the doctrine that God created the Africans to be slaves† (44). She continues by quoting the Bible, statin g â€Å"What a libel upon the heavenly Father, who ‘made of one blood all nations of men!’† (44). This statement says that all men are equal, although other verses directly contest it. The Bible’s verses concerning slavery contradict other verses in several places when discussing slavery and the treatment of slaves. Ephesians 6:5-9 instructs masters to â€Å"give unto your servants that which is just and equal; knowing that ye also have a Master in heaven.† Galatians 3:28 states that â€Å"[T]here is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus.† Again, the Bible illustrates that slaves were equal to all others, stating â€Å"For by one Spirit are we all baptized into one body, †¦ whether we be bond of free; and have been all made to drink into one Spirit.† Abolitionists undoubtedly used these quotes in order to put an end to slavery. In Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Jacobs discusses the role thatShow MoreRelatedIncidents in the Life of a Slave Girl1112 Words   |  4 Pages In the non-fiction book â€Å"Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl,† by Harriet A. Jacobs and published in Boston in 1861. The author Jacobs was born into slavery in 1813, in a town called Edenton, North Carolina. Jacob uses the pseudonym Linda Brent to narrate her first person account. The book opens with Jacobs stating her reasons for writing a biography of her life story. Her story is agonizing and she had rather have kept it confidential, although she felt that by making it public thatRead MoreEssay about The Women’s Movement and Female Writers2167 Words   |  9 Pagestwo centuries. The women’s movement and female writers have worked hand in hand to pursue equality for women and to move their issues to the forefront of the nation. Writers such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Sarah Moore Grimkà ©, Angelina Grimkà © Weld, Harriet Jacobs, and Sojourner Truth help bring to light the sensitive problems that need to be addressed in the women’s rights movement. Angelina Grimkà © Weld, in her Appeal to the Christian Women of the South, says, It is through the tongue, the pen, andRead More Lifting as We Climb Essay3009 Words   |  13 PagesLifting as We Climb Harriet Jacobs, Frances E. W. Harper, and Anna Julia Cooper are three African American female writers who have greatly impacted the progress of black womanhood. Through their works, they have successfully dispelled the myths created about black women. These myths include two major ideas, the first being that all African American women are perceived as more promiscuous than the average white woman. The second myth is that black women are virtually useless, containing only

Standard Working Hours Free Essays

Introduction After the implementation of statutory minimum wage in Hong Kong, many people urge the government to have law about standard working hours as employers may use non-paid overtime as a means to minimize the labor cost in order to offset the increase of labor costs caused by the minimum wage. First of all, we would like to talk about the definition of setting a standard working hour. The idea is to set a standard working hour per week. We will write a custom essay sample on Standard Working Hours or any similar topic only for you Order Now If employees’ working hours are longer than the standard one, employers have to pay additional bonus for the extra working hours. Reason for having standard working hours Regardless of a follow-up action for minimum wage policy, it can ensure better health for employees. The Occupational Safety and Health Ordinance stipulate that employers must ensure the occupational safety and health of their employees. Yet, the problem of long working hour is severe. Taking accounting field as an example, it is common for us to hear the employees in â€Å"Big Four† have sudden health because of long working hours. Setting up standard working hours can discourage employers to ask employees to have overtime so that employees can have more resting time and more job opportunities may be created as employers may need more workforce to avoid employees having overtime (can’t think of any rebuttal, strong point). Worries from Business sector (EMPLOYERS PERSPECTIVE) Currently, seven of the city’s biggest business chambers have sent a rare joint letter to the government expressing their concerns about this issue. They claimed that this policy may hurt the economic environment in Hong Kong since their labor costs will further increase (increase in labour cost due to the need to employ more workers to compensate for the reduction in working hours per worker. This might involve an increase in wages, administration cost, cost of training etc. Additional cost and resources needed *â€Å"Lau Chin-ho, a deputy chairman of the Federation of Hong Kong Industries, on RTHK’s City Forum, said standard working hours could increase business costs and that other alternatives should be explored before drafting a law. He was responding to a government report, released last week, which says employers would need to pay up to HK$55. 2 billion more a year in wages if standard working hours were introduced in Hong Kong. †Ã¢â‚¬  The Labour Department of Hong Kong generated 27 scenarios of the likely impact by altering three elements: a 40 to 48-hour week, overtime pay of one to 1. 5 times regular pay and exemption criteria for staff such as managers and executives. Depending on the scenario, it estimates the employers’ additional labour costs at HK$8 billion to HK$55. 2 billion a year, or 1. per cent to 11. 4 per cent of total expenditure on wages. This compares with HK$3. 3 billion a year resulting from a minimum wage of HK$28 an hour. †). The increase in labour cost might adversely affect the consumers since employers might choose to shift the price burden to consumers by increasing the price of goods and services. for consumers. Also, as a service-oriented economy, they think that this policy is not applicable in Hong Kong as service industries require more labor force and time. (can mention about the practicality of the implementation of standard working hours. How it might not be enforceable in certain industries with certain nature of work) Besides, the free and open economy in Hong Kong has long been attracting foreign investment. Multi-national corporations are attracted to set up their business in Hong Kong due to the free market and the non-regulated economy. With the implementation of standard working hours in addition to the statutory minimum wage, the higher labour cost and regulated economic environment might deter the inward investment of MNCs, potentially causing an increase in unemployment in Hong Kong. MNCs might choose to set up their business in other countries with relatively lower labour cost, less regulations and more incentives (tax-free). Suggestion to the implementation of this policy legislate standard working hours This policy should strike a balanced benefit between employers and employees. In order to strike non-paid overtime malpractice, it is inevitable to have standard working hours. Yet, the main concern is to set a moderate level of working hours to protect employers’ interest. Pro-democrats call for the level of 40-44 hours per week. Yet, from the survey by SCMP, the average working hours in Hong Kong is 47. 7 per week. So, setting 47-48 hours per week is fair to both sides. The government may consider having evaluation and judgment of optimal level each year for making it acceptable for both sides. Reference: http://hklawblog. com/2012/11/29/should-hong-kong-implement-standard-working-hours/ How to cite Standard Working Hours, Papers

Is Redemption Always Possible free essay sample

Most of these methods don’t turn out exactly how Amir plans. After having a guilty conscience weigh Amir down he felt he need to seek redemption. One of his initial reactions was to try to get Hassan to punish him. His logic was Hassan could physically hurt him so they would both experience pain. Unfortunately what Amir didn’t consider was that Hassan would never do that to Amir; he is too loyal. Amir takes him to the pomegranate tree they frequent and provokes Hassan. He throws pomegranates at him and calls him names. Ultimately what happens: Then Hassan did pick up a pomegranate. He walked toward me. He opened it and crushed it against his own forehead. â€Å"There,† he croaked, red dripping down his face like blood. â€Å"Are you satisfied? Do you feel better? † (Hosseini 93). In the end Hassan was too good to betray his lifelong friend and brother. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Redemption Always Possible? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This made Amir feel even worse about what had happened. Another strategy Amir had to relieve his guilt was to ask Baba for new servants. If he didn’t have to see Hassan everyday possibly he wouldn’t feel so broken inside. When Baba refuses to get new servants and scolds him for ever thinking such a thing; Amir realizes he needs to take matters into his own hands. After his lavish birthday party he planted his new golden watch and money under Hassan’s mattress. His logic being, Baba says the greatest sin is stealing, if Hassan was caught stealing Baba would become enraged and kick them out. When Hassan confesses to stealing the watch Amir says, â€Å"I flinched, liked being slapped. My heart sank and I almost blurted out the truth. Then I understood: This was Hassan’s final sacrifice to me† (Hosseini 105). If he were to say no Baba would have believed him. Hassan is yet again too good; he was always loyal to Amir. Now Ali and Hassan are leaving, Baba is in a lot of pain and Amir’s conscience couldn’t feel worse. He has now caused total destruction to all four of them. Years later, Baba and Amir have fled to America for refugee. Amir is now married and feels weaker than ever. Years have gone by with no word from Hassan. He can’t help but think of him. When Soraya tells Amir her darkest secret Amir continues to feel worse. One day he receives a call from Rahim Khan, he asks Amir to come back to Afghanistan and that, â€Å"There is a way to be good again† (Hosseini 2). Amir wonders if Rahim knows about what he did as a child. He can’t help but return to seek redemption from Rahim and possibly Hassan. While in Afghanistan Amir finds out Sohrab is his nephew and that he must rescue him from the Taliban. The official Amir talks to about getting custody of Sohrab is Assef. They only way to get him back is if Amir kills Assef in a fight, then and there. This took much courage, something Amir had never shown before in Afghanistan. It takes a lot of bravery to agree knowing that Assef is a fighter and he is not. Amir decides to not fight back, he takes hit after hit. Eventually Amir says: I don’t know at what point I started laughing, but I did. It hurt to laugh, hurt my jaw, my ribs, my throat. But I was laughing and laughing. And the harder I laughed, the harder he kicked me, punched me, scratched me (Hosseini 289). He was laughing because he felt he finally was getting what he deserved; a beating from his bully. Knowing that he finally stood up to Assef and saved Hassan’s son was helpful in clearing his conscience, but he didn’t feel totally relieved. After rescuing Sohrab he didn’t have much to relax before he was thrown into adopting him. Sohrab tries to commit suicide and Amir prays for the first time in years. This was a wakeup call to Amir, he realized he already has Hassan’s blood on his hands he doesn’t want Sohrabs too. In adopting Sohrab this is his second chance, he can now do right to Hassan by taking care of his son. After the treacherous journey getting Sohrab the fight didn’t become much easier. Sohrab had complete shutdown he refused to talk. This caused even more of a problem for the General. One night at dinner the General makes a rude comment about Sohrab being a Hazara. Amir becomes irritated and stands up for Sohrab, something he never did for Hassan. After months of this behaviour most have given up on Sohrab, but not Amir. He takes him out kite flying; after chopping down a kite he chases after it. Sohrab finally showed emotion, â€Å"I looked down at Sohrab. Once corner of his mouth had curled up just so. A smile. Lopsided. Hardly there. But there† (Hosseini 370, 371) This was the best and most effective form of redemption. Amir didn’t mean to cause destruction by his action as a child. He was a scared boy trying to preserve himself. His actions as a child were cowardice, but he grew into a brave young man. He worked hard and was willing to give up everything to seek redemption. Work Cited Hosseini, Khaled. The Kite Runner. New York: Riverhead Books, 2003. `

Chemical Change Examples in Chemistry

Chemical Change Examples in Chemistry Chemical changes involve chemical reactions and the creation of new products. Typically, a chemical change is irreversible. In contrast, physical changes do not form new products and are reversible. Some Common Chemical Changes The rusting of ironCombustion (burning) of woodThe metabolism of food in the bodyMixing an acid and a base, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH)Cooking an eggDigesting sugar with the amylase in salivaMixing baking soda and vinegar to produce carbon dioxide gasBaking a cakeElectroplating a metalUsing a chemical batteryThe explosion of fireworksRotting bananasGrilling a hamburgerMilk going sour Less-familiar chemical reactions are also examples of chemical changes. While its not always easy to tell a chemical change has occurred (as opposed to a physical change), there are some telltale signs. Chemical changes may cause a substance to change color, change temperature, produce bubbles, or (in liquids) produce a precipitate. Chemical changes can also be considered to be any phenomenon that allows a scientist to measure  chemical properties.

History of Newspapers In America

History of Newspapers In America The rise of newspapers in America accelerated enormously throughout the 19th century. When the century began, newspapers, generally in the larger cities and towns, tended to be affiliated with political factions or particular politicians. And while newspapers had influence, the reach of the press was fairly narrow. By the 1830s the newspaper business began to expand rapidly. Advances in printing technology meant newspapers could reach more people, and the introduction of the penny press meant that just about anyone, including newly arrived immigrants, could buy and read the news. By the 1850s the American newspaper industry came to be dominated by legendary editors, including Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune, James Gordon Bennett of the New York Herald, and Henry J. Raymond, of the upstart New York Times. Major cities, and many large towns, began to boast high-quality newspapers. By the time of the Civil War, the publics appetite for news was enormous. And newspaper publishers responded by sending war correspondents to the battlefronts. Extensive news would fill newspaper pages after major battles, and many worried families came to rely on newspapers for casualty lists. By the end of the 19th century, after a period of slow yet steady growth, the newspaper industry was suddenly energized by the tactics of two dueling editors, Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. The two men, engaging in what became known as Yellow Journalism, fought a circulation war that made newspapers a vital part of everyday American life. As the 20th century dawned, newspapers were read in nearly all American homes, and, without the competition from radio and television, enjoyed a period of great business success. The Partisan Era, 1790s-1830s In the early years of the United States, newspapers tended to have small circulation for several reasons. Printing was slow and tedious, so for technical reasons no one publisher could generate enormous numbers of issues. The price of newspapers tended to exclude many common people. And while Americans tended to be literate, there simply werent the large number of readers that would come later in the century. Despite all that, newspapers were felt to have profound influence on the early years of the federal government. The main reason was that newspapers were often the organs of political factions, with articles and essays essentially making the cases for political action. Some politicians were known to be connected with specific newspapers. For instance, Alexander Hamilton was a founder of the New York Post (which still exists today, after changing ownership and direction many times during more than two centuries). In 1783, eight years before Hamilton founded the Post, Noah Webster, who would later publish the first American dictionary, began publishing the first daily newspaper in New York City, the American Minerva. Websters newspaper was essentially an organ of the Federalist Party. The Minerva only operated for a few years, but it was influential and inspired other newspapers that followed. Up through the 1820s the publication of newspapers generally had some political affiliation. The newspaper was the way politicians communicated with constituents and voters. And while the newspapers carried accounts of newsworthy events, the pages were often filled with letters expressing opinions. Its worth noting that newspapers circulated widely across early America, and it was common for publishers to reprint stories which had been published in distant cities and towns. It was also common for newspapers to publish letters from travelers who had just arrived from Europe and who could relate the foreign news. The highly partisan era of newspapers continued well into the 1820s, when campaigns waged by candidates John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson played out on the pages of newspapers. Vicious attacks, such as in the controversial elections of 1824 and 1828, were carried in newspapers which were essentially controlled by candidates. The Rise of City Newspapers, 1830s-1850s In the 1830s newspapers transformed into publications devoted more to news of current events than outright partisanship. As printing technology allowed faster printing, newspapers could expand beyond the traditional four-page folio. And to fill the newer eight-page newspapers, content expanded beyond letters from travelers and political essays to more reporting (and the hiring of writers whose job was to go about the city and report on the news). A major innovation of the 1830s was simply lowering the price of a newspaper: when most daily newspapers cost a few cents, working people and especially new immigrants tended not to buy them. But an enterprising New York City printer, Benjamin Day, began publishing a newspaper, The Sun, for a penny. Suddenly anyone could afford a newspaper, and reading the paper every morning became a routine in many parts of America. And the newspaper industry got a huge boost from technology when the telegraph began to be used in the mid-1840s. Era of Great Editors, the 1850s Two major editors, Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune, and James Gordon Bennett of the New York Herald, began competing in the 1830s. Both editors were known for strong personalities and controversial opinions, and their newspapers reflected that. At the same time, William Cullen Bryant, who first came to public attention as a poet, was editing the New York Evening Post. In 1851, an editor who had worked for Greeley, Henry J. Raymond, began publishing the New York Times, which was seen as an upstart without any strong political direction.   The 1850s was a critical decade in American history. The split over slavery was about to tear the country apart. And the Whig Party, which had been the breeding ground of editors such as Greeley and Raymond, disintegrated over the slavery issue. The great national debates were, of course, followed close, and also influenced, by powerful editors such as Bennett and Greeley. A rising politician, Abraham Lincoln, recognized the value of newspapers. When he came to New York City to deliver his address at Cooper Union in early 1860, he knew the speech could put him on the road to the White House. And he made sure that his words got into the newspapers, even reportedly visiting the office of the New York Tribune after delivering his speech. The Civil War When the Civil War erupted the newspapers, especially in the North, responded quickly. Writers were hired to follow the Union troops, following a precedent set in the Crimean War by a British citizen considered the first war correspondent, William Howard Russell. The pages of newspapers soon filled up with news from Washington as the government prepared for war. And during the Battle of Bull Run, in the summer of 1861, a number of correspondents accompanied the Union Army. When the battle turned against the federal forces, the newspapermen were among those who hurried back to Washington in a chaotic retreat. As the war continued, the coverage of news became professionalized. Correspondents followed the armies and wrote very detailed accounts of battles which were widely read. For instance, following the Battle of Antietam, the pages of Northern newspapers carried lengthy accounts which often contained vivid details of the fighting. A staple of Civil War era newspapers, and perhaps the most vital public service, was the publication of casualty lists. After every major action newspapers would publish many columns listing the soldiers who had been killed or wounded. In one famous instance, the poet Walt Whitman saw his brothers name on a casualty list published in a New York newspapers following the Battle of Fredericksburg. Whitman hurried to Virginia to find his brother, who turned out to be only slightly wounded. The experience of being in the army camps led Whitman to become a volunteer nurse in Washington, D.C., and to write occasional newspaper dispatches on war news. The Calm Following the Civil War The decades following the Civil War were relatively calm for the newspaper business. The great editors of earlier eras, Greeley, Bennett, Bryant, and Raymond passed away. The new crop of editors tended to be very professional, but they did not generate the fireworks that earlier newspaper reader had come to expect. Technological changes, especially the Linotype machine, meant that newspapers could publish larger editions with more pages. The popularity of athletics in the late 1800s meant newspapers began having pages devoted to sports coverage. And the laying of undersea telegraph cables meant that news from very distant places could be seen by newspaper readers with shocking speed. For instance, when the distant volcanic island of Krakatoa exploded in 1883, news traveled by undersea cable to the Asian mainland, then to Europe, and then via transatlantic cable to New York City. Readers of New Yorks newspapers were seeing reports of the massive disaster with a day, and even more detailed reports of the devastation appeared in the following days. The Arrival of the Linotype Ottmar Mergenthaler was the German-born inventor of the linotype, an innovative printing system that revolutionized the newspaper industry in the late 19th century. Before Mergenthalers invention, printers had to set type one character at a time in a laborious and time-consuming process. The linotype, so called because it set a line of type at once, greatly sped up the printing process. Though Mergenthalers mechanical genius greatly changed 19th century newspapers, he had a number of problems in business. Within a few years of linotype machines becoming standard equipment at major American newspapers, Mergenthaler resigned from the company that made them. Though he was ultimately embittered, there is no doubt that his innovative technology changed the news business. Before the linotype, daily newspapers were restricted in how many changes they could make if they published more than one edition in a day. And simply because of the labor intensive nature of setting type, daily newspapers seldom extended beyond eight pages. Mergenthalers machine made multiple editions easier to routinely produce editions of 12 or 16 pages. With extra space available in daily editions, innovative publishers could pack their papers with large amounts of news which previously may have gone unreported. The Great Circulation Wars In the late 1880s the newspaper business received a jolt when Joseph Pulitzer, who had been publishing a successful newspaper in St. Louis, bought a paper in New York City. Pulitzer suddenly transformed the news business by focusing on news that he thought would appeal to common people. Crime stories and other sensational subjects were the focus of his New York World. And vivid headlines, written by a staff of specialized editors, pulled in readers. Pulitzers newspaper was a great success in New York. And in the mid-1890s he suddenly got a competitor when William Randolph Hearst, who had spent money from his familys mining fortune on a San Francisco newspaper a few years earlier, moved to New York City and bought the New York Journal. A spectacular circulation war broke out between Pulitzer and Hearst. There had been competitive publishers before, of course, but nothing like this. The sensationalism of the competition became known as Yellow Journalism. The high point of Yellow Journalism became the headlines and exaggerated stories which encouraged the American public to support the Spanish-American War. At Centurys End As the 19th century ended, the newspaper business had grown enormously since the days when one-man newspapers printed hundreds, or at most thousands, of issues. Americans became a nation addicted to newspapers, and in the era before broadcast journalism, newspapers were a considerable force in public life.

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 39

Art - Essay Example Lithographic images, unlike etching processes, may utilize stone plates in addition to those made of metal as long as the surface is initially smooth. These characteristics are due to the process adding to the base material, rather than removing it as occurs in etchings. Lithographic presses work by evenly pressing ink against a roughened base surface on which an image has been crafted using polymers. The desire to unite these tools has fueled research in a range of fields, including physics (Adalsteinsson & Sethian, 1997). Monotyping and monoprinting are very similar processes, as both are defined by the creation of a sole image source that can only be used to print a limited number of unique images. The main difference between the techniques is that monoprints can be reused, while images on monotyping source materials are impermanent and deteriorate after a couple of uses at most. Monoprinting can be used to produce many images, but the guide is altered with every pressing, guaranteeing the inability to massively duplicate an identical image from a single monoprint plate. The concepts of scale and proportion are easily confused because they both relate to size (Mag Uidher, 2012), but the differences are clear enough to warrant more attention than they have typically been afforded. Scale describes the size of an object as it compares to a separate item of reference. The human body is a common frame of reference for size, but the possibilities for comparison are virtually endless. In contrast, proportion is the relative size of the parts of an image as they compare to the whole. For example, the size of an eye can appear different based on the size of the entire face. This form of referencing is different than scale judgements because it does not depend on the use of an independent image. In visual art, representation refers to the role of direct symbolic

Disney World Value Driven Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Disney World Value Driven - Term Paper Example Value driven management has a significant goal of value maximization over a given period. The aim of this work is to show how Disney World is linked to value driven management. Disney World is a diversified mass media corporation for multination. It is the biggest in terms of revenue generation. It was founded in 1923 as a cartoon studio. It has its products ranging from cable television, publishing, movies, theme parks, broadcasting, radio, web portals, and offers licensing services. In order for Disney World to be successful, it took value driven management into action. The owner, Walt Disney, had a form of self-assessment and the knowledge to operate the company. He was committed towards bringing new products to the market. This led to the growth of the company that enabled it to survive even in tough economic times of the US that existed in the late 1930s and early 1940s (Capodagli & Jackson, 2006). This self-assessment tool is a feature of value driven management. One other grea t feature that connects the Disney World to value driven management is its diversification of products. The company did not focus only on film production but it also thought of introducing new products to meet the competing customer needs. It had some other products like television debuts and theme park that quickly became successful. In order to achieve this, Disney solicited sponsorships that acted as cost subsidizers and it merchandised (Capodagli & Jackson, 2006). Value driven management aims at value creation in order to cope with the changing times and to meet customer needs. Companies that do nothing about their products end up failing and therefore there is need for companies to keep on differentiating their products as time changes. The products of a company have to be unique at all times as this maintains the competitive nature of the company. This is what has maintained the growth of Disney World from the founding times to its present days. Walt Disney was a pioneer in cr eating unique animations that impressed both children and adults (Capodagli & Jackson, 2006). He always applied skills and knowledge to his creativity making the products to be unique. Value driven management aims at no stopping even in adverse conditions. Value driven management is built with optimism. Disney had discouragements even from his family members and one of his projects was even termed as Disney’s Folly. His projects got him bankrupt at some points but he never had the attitude of stopping. He tried to look for funding of his work from film producers and in the process, he found one that funded snow white, which became a successful film and this is what made him begin his feature films (Capodagli & Jackson, 2006). The real study of ideas by the World Disney has also played a major part in its success. On top of that, the management always believes in new projects. The confidence that that members have enables them to build ideas out of everything. His idea of Disn ey Land for example, was based on a park in Missouri. The idea of train had run in his mind at childhood age and he brought it to his creation of Disney Land (Capodagli & Jackson, 2006). Revision and reform is a feature of value driven management that ensures that ideas are more than static. The success of Disney’s world also comes from Disney’s commitment for success. His dreams played a major role in the development of Disney’

Development of Buildability and Constructability

Development of Buildability and Constructability What is buildability or constructability? Is design for buildability or constructability is approachable? Can buildability concepts and theories enhance designers awareness of construction knowledge and buildability issues and reduce rework and increase construction productivity? , or can it inadvertently limit designers creativity? At the heart of this review paper are debates about the potential of buildability concept and the usability of construction knowledge in design to sustain and develop buildable designs. Construction is the worlds largest and most challenging industry [R. L. Tucker, 1986]. In 1997, the US construction industry accounted for 10% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employed over 10 Million, making the industry the largest in the country [E. Allmon, C. T. Hass, J. D. Borcherding and P. M. Goodrum, 2000]. On the other hand, a 10% increase in construction labour productivity would yield annual savings of about  £1 Billion to the British economy [R. M. W. Horner, B. T. Talhouni and H. R. Thomas, (1989).]; a similar conclusion was echoed by Stoekel and Quirke [S. Adams, (1989).]. Several factors affect project productivity but, buildability is among the most important [R. M. W. Horner, B. T. Talhouni and H. R. Thomas, 1989)., S. Adams, (1989)]. In practice, design and construction processes are normally carried out in a sequential manner. Since 1805 the construction industry has benefited from the various advantages this approach (Dunican, 1984). It allows the different parties in the project to compete and provide the best results for the project while defending and upholding their rights and duties within their respective disciplines (Griffith, 1986). Although the separation of design and construction allows the construction processes to be managed systematically between the various stages and disciplines, the industry is still being criticised for poor performance, being under productive, lack of competitiveness, and consuming longer product development time. Various studies have revealed that since 1950, the construction industry has realised the important of analysing design for construction implications, if the production work on site is to be effectively performed (Gray,1986). To overcome this inherent problems from the separation of design and construction, a concept known as buildability in the UK and constructability in USA is established and marketed to the industry (Illingworth, 1984; CIRIA, 1983; NEDO, 1975; Griffith, 1985; Gray, 1983; Moore, 1996). By using the buildability concept as a means to improve the construction industry, many ideas have been put forward by various researchers to remove the disadvantages of separating the design and construction process (Illingworth, 1983; CIRIA, 1983; CII, 1986; Tatum, 1987). The issue of buildability and academic research in the field for that matter has been an evolving one over the last three decades; moulded by reaction to changes in the procurement environment and in the case of academic buildability research, to advancements in the science of methodology. Regarding the latter, developing techniques such as neural networks, fuzzy decision making, buildability scores system and 3d/4d technology technologies have witnessed application among a range of assessing buildabilty problems (ref.). This paper will review and synthesise the existing research efforts in order to establish state of the art collective knowledge in relation to buildability problems causes and effects. It aims to create two separate taxonomies, which are comprehensive collections of all project change causes and change effects identified in previous studies. A simple case study is presented to demonstrate how the taxonomies provide a useful framework for construction professionals to manage project changes. However, they are not management tools that can be used directly in practice. Instead, they provide a basis for developing project management solutions and toolkits. While the industry focus of this study is construction, the developed taxonomies can be modified and adopted for other project-based industrial sectors (change). Aim and objectives of this study This backcloth of evolvement brings matters conveniently to the focus of this study, the aim of which was to critically appraise academic research within the field of construction buildability, published over a time window of circa 30 years prior to 2011. Objectives related to this aim included particular consideration of: (1) the foci of that research; (2) stated research drivers; (3) favoured methodological approaches; (4) research tools employed; and (5) the products of research effort. Buildability assessment method (6) Buildability attributes Based on observation of outcomes resulting from satisfying these objectives, the contribution of published academic research is considered, and future research direction intimated. The literature review: The principal method for this study is literature review and analysis. A preliminary review found that studies on buildability assessment fall into a broad spectrum, covering buildability problems causes and effects, buildability attributes, as well as assessment methods and techniques. Given the large volume of published work, there was a need to set a limit to the scope of the review. The study was chosen to focus on buildability assessment models and the stages of its implementation, because a good understanding of buildability models is a prerequisite for effective. Such a decision excluded papers from the review. The targeted literature sources are limited to refereed academic journals, published in English. They are a good representation of the breadth and depth of research achievements; and they have been scrutinised through peer review. In recent years, most academic journals began to provide online access. The emergence of a number of publication index databases has greatly assisted the literature search task. As for the date of publication, no explicit restriction was set. However, because few pre 1990s publications were covered by the online index databases the number of papers identified for that period is very small. This will be revealed in the following analyses. Development of buildability and constructability concept: The word buildability appears to have first entered the language in the late nineteen seventies [D. W. Cheetham and J. Lewis, (2001).]. Concerns on the disparate phases in building development was raised in the early 1960s when a series of studies, such as Emmerson (1962), Banwell (1964), Tavistock (1965), EDC (1967) and NEDO (1975), were carried out in the UK. The issue of buildability and academic research in the field for that matter has been an evolving one over the last three decades; moulded by reaction to changes in the procurement environment and in the case of academic buildability research, to advancements in the science of methodology. Regarding the latter, developing techniques such as neural networks, fuzzy decision making, buildability scores system and 3d/4d technology technologies have witnessed application among a range of assessing buildabilty problems (ref.). To gain a better understanding of buildability problems, especially their causes and effects, has been a long-standing research challenge. Emmerson Report: An early attempt to address buildability can be credited to Sir Harold Emmerson (1962) when he suggested the development of a new form of relationship between designers and constructors. The point of concern was the lack of cohesion between designers and constructors and the inability of both parties to see the whole construction process through each others eyes. The report was the first that has emphasised that the inefficiencies in the construction industry stemmed from inadequacies of communications and coordination. The quality of the relationship between the professions and subcontractors was seen as affecting the efficiency of building operations. Emmerson criticised the lack of cohesion existing within the industry. Banwell Report: In the UK, since the Emmerson Report (1962), numerous researches had been carried out to identify the causes of buildability problems and search for solutions for improvement. Banwell 1964 highlighted the fragmented characteristics of the industry and inefficient designs produced by designers deficient in construction knowledge without involvement of contractors. Banwell 1964 suggested that: design and construction must be considered together and that in the traditional contracting situation, the contractor is too far removed from the design stage at which his specialised knowledge and techniques could be put to invaluable use The report called for more attention to be given to pre-contract planning and design formulation and criticised professionalism as being narrow sighted, giving rise to unnecessary and inefficient construction practices. It was suggested that: clients define their building requirements clearly at the start of the design stage; the building process should better integrate the stages of design and construction; and that traditional construction practices should be reviewed to seek interdisciplinary approach. A subsequent study (Economic Development Council 1967) reported that the recommendations made in the Banwell Report had not been successfully implemented within the construction industry and that flexible approaches to traditional procedures should be sought and new initiatives developed if meaningful change within the industry was to be achieved. The Wood Report in the mid-1970s (National Economic Development Office 1975) suggested that in the decade following the Emmerson and Banwell reports some improvements had been made in the quest for integrating better the processes of design and construction. In general however, the original problems remained and it was suggested that efforts should be directed towards increasing the level of awareness for the problems and designing measures to bring together the design and construction processes such that the construction stage might directly capitalise on design initiatives. Tavistock: Later, the report of the Tavistock (1965) highlighted that the causes of the communication problems between contracting parties could be attributable to the division of responsibilities and the pattern of relationships. Since then, the need to integrate disparate development phases has triggered a large number of studies in different countries. Griffith: Griffith (1984) suggested inviting construction expertise early at the design stage, using contractual arrangements that facilitate the improvement of buildability. Griffith (1984) further pointed out that the capability of project management embracing suitable procurement approaches would contribute to improved buildability with concomitant benefits for overall project performance. Griffith and Sidwell (1997) also maintained that decisions taken early in a projects life cycle have greater potential to influence the final outcome of the project, based on the Pareto Principle. Griffith and Sidwell (1997) highlighted that buildability must be considered from the first notional idea suggested by the client, and is quite simply a prerequisite throughout what may be considered to be a staged process. Griffith and Sidwell [17] identified several similar problems, which are lack of consideration on interrelationship between different construction elements and skills required; and less flexibility of design and leeway within design details for materials, components, plants and craft tolerances. Constructability includes number of activities during all project life cycle phases. Griffith Sidwell (1995) believe that application of these activities during early stages of total construction projects causes more influences on overall cost and value. Constructability must always remain as the ingenious thinking throughout the project life cycle to overcome project difficulties and barriers. Griffith Sidwell (1997) illustrate some of these difficulties such as low level of awareness; demarcation; lack of incentives; reticence; and competitive stance adopted by construction professionals. So identification, mitigation and review of constructability barriers and barrier-breakers, which affect directly on efficiently implementation of a constructability program, is a must during project life cycle (OConnor Miller, 1994, 1995). Griffith (1987) suggested a compromise between consciously making the design more buildable and accommodating the many factors imparting an influence upon design, including quality, aesthetics, time and cost. It is essential to consider constructability at an early stage in the total construction process, because the ability to influence project cost, and so value for money, from the client s viewpoint, diminish as the project progresses in time. (Griffith Sidwell, 1995). Construction projects can be divided into different stages as conceptual planning and briefing, design, procurement, construction and post construction (start up and use) (Alan Griffith Sidwell, 1995). Generally, there are many all-around benefits of good constructability; these are measurable not only in cost and time, but also in terms of the physiological and psychological gains for the participants in the total construction process (Alan Griffith Sidwell, 1995). Griffith (1987) suggested a compromise between consciously making the design more buildable and accommodating the many factors imparting an influence upon design including quality, aesthetics, time, and cost. Methods should be sought to improve constructability by designing for economical use of labor and widely available and versatile tools, plant and equipment. Griffith (1984 1985) also added that managerial aspects have the greatest potential to increase productivity and achieve good buildability. A subsequent research study (Griffith 1984; Griffith 1985a) was similarly narrow in scope, but recognised in its findings the fundamental weakness in focusing narrowly on the attributes of design to aid construction on site. It was suggested that concentrating on design was important, but that project site and management-based factors must also be considered. The difficulties surrounding the determination of conceptual boundaries for buildability have been discussed in further studies (Bishop 1985; Griffith 1985b).It was the narrow focus, together with the complexities of the traditional contractual processes, that led to the diminishing interest in buildability concepts within the UK construction industry during the late 1980s. Creating a building that is easier to construct cannot be the sole aim of the client (Griffith Sidwell 1995). Further research by Griffith and Sidwell (1995) presents an outline for developing a constructability strategy at each key stage of the construction process. This considers many of the factors suggested by Chen and McGeorge. This approach sought to stimulate creative thought about the nature of each stage such that important questions and considerations about the building process would not be missed and to encourage action to be taken by the respective participants to pursue constructability. In the strategic consideration of constructability it is likely that future research and practice might focus on: the more holistic view of constructability to develop more encompassing strategies to be developed for considering constructability at each stage in the total building process; the concentration on a fewer number of factors which influence constructability such that greater reliability can be built in to the strategies developed; and the formulation of management methods that are readily adaptable to the individual project situation, including non-traditionally procured projects. CIRIA: Thereafter, the Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) (1983) in the UK introduced the concept of buildability and the Construction Industry Institute (CII) (1986) in the US developed the notion of constructability. The CIRIA (1983) defined buildability as the extent to which the design of a building facilitates ease of construction, subject to the overall requirements for the completed building. It indicates the importance of design considerations geared towards buildability improvement. Subsequently, a similar concept of constructability was introduced by the CII (1986) as the optimum use of construction knowledge and experience in planning, design, and procurement and field operations to achieve overall project objectives. It dealt with the optimal integration of construction expertise and experience at various project stages to achieve the overall project goals. Since then, numerous studies have been conducted in order to strive for better project perf ormance through improving buildability. For examples, Francis et al. (1999) found that better buildability could contribute to early completion of projects; Jergeas and Put (2001) as well as Low and Abeyegoonasekera (2001) showed that buildable designs would lead to saving in project costs and costs of change orders; others such as Trigunarsyah (2004a, 2004b) and Low (2001) pointed out that buildable designs would bring about improved quality and safety performance, as well as higher productivity levels, and mitigate the risks of unforeseen problems. Despite these developments, it has become evident that the progress of resolving buildability problems is still unsatisfactory. Construction industry review reports typically found contractors having little input into the design (Egan, 1998), or consultants putting little emphasis on buildability (CIRC, 2001). The ensuing review by Wolstenholme (2009) of the UK construction industry also points to the need for better integration of the construction supply chain using a whole life cycle approach. More specifically, some good examples of involving the contractors early in the design process have been cited, indicating the need to improve buildability. In view of these findings, a set of principles targeted at designers under the traditional procurement system was drawn up by the Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA). Following the reports of Emmerson and Banwell, the Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) supported a major research initiative to investigate what they regarded to be, the principal problems of construction practice. Their attention focused on a concept which they referred to as buildability, suggesting that building designs were not providing value for money in terms of the efficiency and effectiveness in the way in which the building process was then being carried out (change). The report of their investigations, Buildability: An Assessment, (CIRIA 1983) presented seven categories of buildability principles to: carry out thorough investigation and design; plan for essential site production requirements; plan for a practical sequence of operations and early enclosure; plan for simplicity of assembly and logical trade sequences; detail for maximum repetition and standardisation; detail for achievable tolerance; and specify robust and suitable materials. C IRIA stated that their methodological approach provided data that were too limited to be certain that the categories identified were final and universal, although they had sufficient confidence to publish the categories as provisional guidelines. It is from this original study that buildability research and practice evolved (change). The initial CIRIA report was followed by a further study (Adams 1989) in which the original seven categories of buildability principles were further developed to present 16, more definite, principles. This study is most purposeful since, although it still focuses on design, it does begin to widen the perspective of buildability and point the way towards recognising the true complexity and multifaceted nature of the issues involved. The first CIRIA study, while laudibly raising general awareness to the concepts and principles of buildability and therefore achieving its basic objective, was unfortunately restricted in focus. Egan Report: More recently, the Egan Report (1998) awakened attentions that the general buildability performance was far from being satisfactory. Contractors were also found to have little input into the design in the UKs construction scene, thus constituting a comparatively lower productivity figure for the industry (Graham and Bird, 2001). Egan (1998) claims that too much time is spent in construction on site trying to make design work in practice. He adds that contractors have little input into the design and this is indicative of a fundamental malaise in the industry the separation of design from the rest of the project. This is mainly because the traditional procurement method of design-bid-build remains rooted within the industry (Arditi et al. 2002; Song et al. 2009; Kent and Becerik- Gerber 2010). Egan (1998) subsequently encouraged longer term procurement relationships in favour of selective methods, as a mechanism to achieving quality and efficiency improvement; while in a second report (Egan, 2003), arguably rooted the term integrated supply chains into procurement dialogue. More recently, the Egan Report (1998) awakened attentions that the general buildability performance was far from being satisfactory. Contractors were also found to have little input into the design in the UKs construction scene, thus cons tituting a comparatively lower productivity figure for the industry (Graham and Bird, 2001). Over the years since the definition of buildability has been put forward by the CIRIA 1983, lots of studies have highlighted the prospective benefits to be brought about by improved constructability Arditi et al. 2002; McGeorge and Palmer 2002; CIRC 2001; Francis et al. 1999; CIIA 1996; CII 1986; Griffith 1984; Gray 1983. With the potential benefits as incentives, methods and practices have been proposed for more efficient designs minimizing construction wastages on site. However, as time passes by, the progress of resolving constructability problems is still regarded as being unsatisfactory CIRC 2001; Egan 1998. The underlying reasons are multifaceted Ma et al. 2001; Uhlik and Lores 1998; Griffith and Sidwell 1995; OConnor and Miller 1994, which have led to the current sluggish use of pull factors in the pursuit for better design constructability. More recently, push factors have been put in place by the Singaporean Government, which has enforced a legislation to enhance constructab ility by requiring minimum buildable scores to be attained before building plans are approved. The calculation of buildable scores is based on the buildable design appraisal system BDAS, which was modeled from the in-house buildability appraisal system of a major Japanese contractor, Takenaka Corporation Poh and Chen 1998. After the implementation of BDAS, follow-up studies have demonstrated the correlations between higher buildable scores and the improvements of site productivity, construction quality, and manpower consumption Lam 2002; Low 2001; Poh and Chen 1998. Buildability is a major issue across global construction industries and in particular the UK industry.

Professional Behaviour Essay

A framework of professional principles can guide behaviour where the law is not applicable, not clear, or remains silent. Behaving legally is the minimum standard of behaviour expected of the ‘ethical’ accountant. Some behaviour, while legal, may still be regarded as ‘unethical’. Many aspects and decisions within accounting roles, at all levels, are not covered by the law. Therefore, in many different situations, the law is not sufficient to guide a professional’s behaviour, but a professional is also expected to behave in accordance with accepted professional principles. Acting in the public interest : The public is everyone who is affected or could potentially be affected by the work or shortcomings of accountants and auditors, including third party institutions. The interest is the potential impact of accountants’ work on the public, whether that be beneficial or harmful. What actions are the public interested in as far as accountancy is concerned? Money laundering * ‘the conversion or transfer of property, knowing that such property is derived from criminal activity or from an act of participation in such activity, for the purpose of concealing or disguising the illicit origin of the property or of assisting any person who is involved in the commission of such activity to evade the legal consequences of his action’; and * ‘the concealment or disguise of the true nature, source, location, disposition, movement, rights with respect to, or ownership of property, knowing that such property is derived from criminal activity or from an act of participation in such activity’. Insider trading is another form of corruption. This is making investor decisions based on confidential information. Insider trading is a criminal offence in most countries, although the effectiveness of enforcement varies. The reasons it is usually illegal are: * It is unfair on investors who do not have access to the information * It may deter investors from participating in the market at all, undermining the basic purpose of markets, which is to allow companies to raise capital * It may destabilise markets by encouraging the trading of stock based on rumours * It involves profiting from a breach of confidence, at the expense (at least partially) of people to whom the insider has a duty (such as their employer, and their employer’s shareholders) Defenders of insider trading claim that it improves market efficiency by allowing confidential information to influence prices more quickly. However, in most situations insider trading is considered to be highly damaging.

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Cmi Level 3 - 743 Words

CMI Learner Statement of Authenticity – Level 3 To be completed by candidate and submitted with coursework: Centre name: | St Helens College | Candidate name: | | | CMI Number: | | Qualification title: | | Unit title(s): | | Unit code(s): | | Date due for assessment: | | Extension request date | | | | Extension granted | Y/N | Actual date evidence submitted: | | Revised due date | | Candidate declaration: | * I confirm that the work/evidence presented for assessment is my own unaided work. * I have read the assessment regulations and understand that if I am found to have ‘copied’ from published work without acknowledgement, or from other candidate’s work, this may be regarded as plagiarism which is†¦show more content†¦Resources..................................................................................................................................5 1.1 Identify a team’s responsibilities in connection with managing re sources........................5 1.2 Describe the components of a plan which manages the team’s use of resources to achieve the teams objectives...........................................................................................................................7 1.3 Describe the impact of environment and legal factors on the team’s resources.............15 2.2 Describe trends and developments that affect resources................................................15 2.1 Identify how information obtained impacts on changes to resource requirements........18 2.3 Identify the impact of resource change on the team’s objectives....................................18 3.1 Describe the need to monitor and record the use of resources.......................................24 3.2 Explain the importance of recording relevant and accurate information and using records to plan for future resource requirements.................................................................................................24 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................27 Background This section shouldShow MoreRelatedCumberland Metals Case1048 Words   |  5 Pagesin the pile driving market. 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